Features of organisms

Nutrition

-trophic describes sources of nutrition

Autotrophic: able to make their own nutrition from inorganic substances
Heterotrophic : take in organic substances

Animal

Chordata 脊索动物门

Fish

• scaly skin (鳞片)
• gills throughout life (鳃)
• fins (鳍)
• eggs are laid in water and have no shells

Amphibians (两栖动物)

• Metamorphosis - tadpoles and adults (变态发育)
• No scales
• Eggs are laid in water and have no shells
• tadpoles(蝌蚪) have gills; adults have lungs/skin to breath;

Reptiles (爬行动物)

• dry scales
• eggs dry scales
• crawl/climb

Birds

• Feathers
• wings : most can fly
• beak: adapted to food source
• eggs with shells

Mammals

• Fur/hair (毛皮, 头发)
• Mammary glands (乳腺)
• Different types of teeth
• Yong is developed in uterus. (胎生)
• Diaphragm, pinna, and sweat glands. (横膈膜 耳廓 汗腺)

Arthropoda 节肢动物

• Invertebrates (not for all)
• jointed legs
• waterproof exoskeleton that supports their bodies
• segmented body

Crustacean (甲壳纲)

• hard shell
• aquatic(水生) - gills
• claws, more than 4 pairs of legs
• 2 pairs of antennae
• examples include lobsters, shrimps, crabs

Myriapods (多足纲)

• legs on each segment
• flexible body in many segments
• have antennae (触角)

Arachnids (蛛形纲)

• 4 pairs of legs
• segmented body - head and thorax(头, 胸)
• more than one set of eyes
• examples: spiders, scorpions

Insects (昆虫纲)

• 3 pairs of jointed legs
• 2 pairs of wings (one or both may be vestigial^[a sturcture has evolved to be so small that it is no longer useful])
• 1 pair of antennae (触角)
• body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen (头，胸，腹)
• some insects can live in very dry places

Fungi

• Can be multicellular or unicellular
• Contains cell wall, but made of chitin(甲壳素)
• Made of a network of microscopic fibers(纤维): a mycelium of hyphae
  • made from many cells joined end to end
• Nutrition: saprophytic*(腐生) - feed on decaying organic matter
  • No chlorophyll, so no photosynthesis
  • ==Decomposers==: break down waste materials and dead organisms (分解者)
• Reproduction: spores(孢子) - spread by wind or animals
• A few types of fungi have structures comparable to bacterial plasmids (loops of DNA).

yeast : 酵母菌
mold: 霉菌
penicillin: 青霉素

Plants

• contain chlorophyll
• have a nucleus and cell walls are made of cellulose
• multicellular
• get nutrition from photosynthesis: autotroph

Ferns (蕨类植物)

• leaves of ferns are called fronds(叶状体)
• flowerless
• reproduce by spores produced on the underside of fronds

Flowering plants

• roots, stems, leaves
• reproduce using flowers and seeds
• seeds are produced in an ovary(子房) in the flower.

Dicotyledons, aka dicots (双子叶植物)

• seed with two cotyledons(两个子叶)
• flower petals(花瓣) in multiples of 4 or 5
• vascular bundles in the stem in a ring (茎内维管束呈环状)
• leaf veins(叶脉) are in network
• main root and other roots

Monocotyledons, aka monocots (单子叶植物)

• seeds with one cotyledon
• flower petals in multiples of 3
• vascular bundles arranged randomly in the stem
• leaf veins are parallel
• branching root

Protist (原生生物)

• a mixed collection of organisms
  • animal like cells and plant like cells
  • mostly unicellular
• Eukaryotic organisms that don’t belong in animals, plants, or fungi
• Examples: paramecium, seaweed, amoeba

Prokaryotes

• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic cells: no nucleus, but nucleoid
  • Circular DNA(chromosome) 染色体, often have plasmids(质粒)
  • cell wall made from peptidoglycan(肽聚糖)
    • No mitochondria: nutrition from light or organic(有机的) substance
  • Some have flagella(鞭毛) for movement, capsule(荚膜), chlorophyll*
• examples: E. coli, Streptococcus(大肠杆菌， 链球菌)

Virus (Not a kingdom)

it was a debate whether viruses are living organisms or not
Viruses have a protein coat and genetic material inside
Acellular (not a cell)

Adaptive Feature

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Adaptive features are the inherited functional features of an organism that increase its fitness.